ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

Piping & Mechanical Pipe Stress Analysis Vessel Design
Process Design Simulation Material Balances Heat Exchangers Pipe Size Pipelines Control Valves Relief Valves Cogeneration
Electrical Design DAPPER CAPTOR AFAULT CABLE AMPCALC	Instrument Design INTOOLS Sizing Programs Instrument Index Fire Protection & Safety Programs

MICROSAS II

Microcomputer Structural Analysis System (MicroSAS II) is a complete and self-contained 3-dimensional (3D) analysis system that runs on desktop computers. Following are brief descriptions of some of its main modules.

• Interactive Graphics Modeling: Interactive Graphics Modeling is used to create and maintain 3D structural models and to display results of analyses. Structural entities that may be created and modified include node coordinates, element incidences, node and element loads, wave load parameters, code check parameters, and support conditions. In addition, nonstructural entities (such as equipment, appurtenances, and detail steel) may be created to facilitate loads generation. Analysis data that may be displayed include deformed shapes, member end forces, stress ratios, element stress contours, and mode shapes.
• Wave System: Wave System maintains permanent and active wave files. The permanent wave file serves as a library to contain all wave data supplied by a customer or obtained from an oceanographer. The active wave file contains any wave currently required for a particular project. The Wave Generation Program develops waves (using the available wave theories Stokes V, Dean [stream function], Cnoidal, Airy, and Solitary), which are then directly placed in the active wave file. Random waves are also available.
• Wave Load: The Wave Load module generates loadings on members and appurtenances due to current, wave, and hydrostatics (buoyancy). Loads for static and dynamic waves at specified crest locations are computed for a given angle of propagation. Loads for random waves are computed based wave kinematic grids. Morison's equation is used to calculate member wave loads. Kinematics above mean water level can be computed using stretching or vertical extrapolation.
• Wind Load: The Wind Load module is used to generate wind loads acting on a structure. Wind loads are calculated on modeled structural members, equipment, appurtenances, or user-defined horizontal or vertical surfaces.
• Gravity Load: The Gravity Load module is used to generate dead loads on the structure as distributed member and element loads for all modeled structural members.
• Equipment Loads: The Equipment Loads module is used to generate loads on all structural members that support equipment. Loads can be due to gravity or applied accelerations.
• Appurtenance Loads: The Appurtenance Loads module is used to generate loads on all structural members that support appurtenances and detail steel. Loads can be due to gravity, buoyancy, or applied accelerations.
• Manual Structural Loads: Appurtenance loads can be generated manually and loaded into the model's structural database (SDB), along with loading combinations combining these manual loads with previously-generated computer loadings (waveload, dead weight, buoyancy, etc.).
• Super Elements: Substructuring techniques are used to create super elements that can be combined and/or included with a model to perform an analysis.
• Structure-Pile Interaction Analysis: Structure-Pile Interaction Analysis (SPIA) is used to determine the simultaneous response of a linear structure and its nonlinear soil-pile foundation to any imposed static loading conditions. The program is directly applicable to the analysis of fixed offshore structures. The jacket and superstructure are assumed to respond linearly and to be supported on several piles which, combined with the surrounding soil, typically respond nonlinearly to applied loadings. The structure above the soil is modeled as a super element, with the super nodes corresponding to the nodes where the piles are attached.
• Structural Analysis: Structural analysis capabilities include:

  - Structural elements - a 3D tubular element, a 3D grouted element, general 3D beams, a launch leg element, 3- and 4-noded plane stress elements, 3- and 4-noded shell elements, spring elements, and a linear pile head element
  - Static solutions can be obtained from a variety of loading conditions
  - Solution of frequencies and mode shapes
  - Earthquake response spectrum analysis
  - Earthquake time history analysis with multiple layers of acceleration input
  - Static condensation capabilities for the generation of super elements
  - Marine-related capabilities, such as gravity and buoyancy calculations, projected area, and current loadings
  - Geometric and material nonlinear static and dynamic (hysteretic) analyses
  - Time domain dynamic analysis due to regular and random waves and random winds, including relative velocity effects.

• Member Check: The Member Check module establishes the adequacy of members in accordance with API RP 2A and AISC specifications, using the allowable-stress design concept for members under the influence of combined axial, shear, and bending stresses. Output from the program includes actual and allowable stresses in each member for the most critical load case, as well as accompanying stress ratios (actual stress divided by allowable stress). Member segments are checked at 3 points along each segment as a minimum condition.
• Joint Check: The Joint Check module performs a joint check in accordance with criteria set forth in API RP 2A. Three types of joints may be analyzed: single (T or Y), overlapping and non-overlapping (K), and cross joints including X-braces. The user identifies the joint to be checked by specifying the chord and brace or braces. Both simplified-fatigue and strength-joint checks, as well as a 50-percent effective-strength check, are performed on all joints. The output includes actual and allowable stresses in the chord and braces for each load case, along with the accompanying stress ratios.
• Ring-Stiffened Joint Design: Ring-stiffened joints may be either designed or checked for code compliance.
• Automatic Resizing: Automatic resizing is available in MicroSAS II for physical elements that have been previously code checked. Target stress ratios, maximum and minimum diameter to thickness ratios, maximum and minimum outside diameters, and optimal weight are parameters controlling the resizing.
• Fatigue Check: The Fatigue Check modules are used to perform fatigue assessments of offshore structures. A fatigue assessment may be performed using spectral fatigue, discrete fatigue, or time-domain fatigue analysis. The time-domain fatigue analysis can also take into account the effect of dynamic wind loads. Various SCF equations may be used to calculate hot-spot stresses, including those recommended by API, Lloyds, Efthymiou, Marshall, and other researchers.
• Wear Design: Wear design modules are used to check slip joints at locations of conductor guides and flex pile guides. The guide wear thickness requirements are based on Archard's equation, using either time-domain regular wave or random wave approaches.
• Pile Design: The pile below the mudline is analyzed and checked to meet API RP 2A requirements during the SPIA analysis.
• Design Check of Flat Plate and Cylindrical Shells: The adequacy of flat plate and cylindrical shell structures are checked using the procedures described in API Bulletins 2V and 2U, respectively.
• Interfaces: MicroSAS II interfaces with the following systems:
• MOSES - See description below, under Naval Architecture programs.
• WAMIT- This program is used for radiation/diffraction analysis and is described below. The hydrodynamic panel pressures generated in WAMIT can be imported into MicroSAS II for structural analysis.
• SACS- MicroSAS II can read the geometry of a model available in SACS format. In addition, the program can generate a model in SACS format that includes basic geometry data as well as loads.
  

PDAP

Pile Driving Analysis Program (PDAP) is a piledriving program with simplified input, sophisticated modeling techniques, and the ability to analyze the action of diesel hammers (as well as air-steam and other commonly-used hammers). It is run on personal computers (PCs).

JRME estimates piledriving resistance from previous experience in the immediate area, if such data is available, or from a current site soil survey. Then the program evaluates the resistance that can be overcome by a particular hammer-pile-soil system. Finally, the engineer compares the soil resistance to the resistance that can be overcome by the studied hammer-pile-soil system to obtain an indication of pile driveability.

GRLWEAP

GRLWEAP (Goble, Rausche, Likins and Associates, Inc.'s, Wave Equation Analysis of Piledriving) is a descendant of the WEAP piledriving program. JRME runs this program on PCs and has used the program in tandem with the PDAP pile program, a commercial form of the original WEAP. GRLWEAP, however, has the following advances:

• Improved input and output - full-screen input; graphical summaries of soil, hammer and pile performance; and laser printer support.
• An up-to-date pile hammer data table that lists the majority of pile hammers currently available.
• Improved calculations of energy input from pile hammers (in particular, diesel hammers). The computation iteration cycles and variables have been modified based upon field experience over 2 decades to yield more true-to-life energy input.
• Conventional pile bearing analysis, as well as computer-generated blow count versus depth studies, which allows development of true iterated pile driveability analysis for any range of variables, including hammers, soil, efficiencies, etc.
• Improved soil friction gain/loss factors, as well as sensitivity factors that allow us to take unmodified soil curves and vary the sensitivities for any range - a feature which allows a much better assessment of an assumed pile performance for a given structure.
  

Naval Architecture

MOSES

Multi-Operational Structural Engineering Simulator (MOSES), by Ultramarine, Inc., performs marine analyses and is run on Sun workstations or PCs. It is a general-purpose program and has many applications, including analyses for mooring (including multi-body mooring), tow motions (including consideration of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic response of the vessel during tow), vessel stability, stress analysis, and jacket installation analyses with launch, upending, and docking simulations. Analyses can be performed in either the time or frequency domains; all six degrees of freedom (surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch, and yaw) of the studied body are taken into account. The program uses a higher-order modeling language which allows accurate modeling of complex marine problems with relative ease, and its database concept facilitates efficiency and flexibility. MOSES is totally restartable and has post-processing available to explore marine analysis results. Graphic representation of analysis results promotes quick and accurate assessments of the vast array of data that can be generated. Specific tailoring of the program's capabilities include the following:

• Classic Hydrostatics: MOSES performs basic hydrostatic calculations (including computing curves of form and intact and damaged stability, along with longitudinal vessel strength) in an interactive environment that allows the engineer to calculate and specify ballast patterns and their resulting floating condition. Vessel tow ballast can thus be quickly optimized and efficient ballast transfer plans developed for skidded loadouts of heavy cargo. A specific hydrostatic program menu is available to simulate lifting, lowering, and upending a structure.
• Frequency Domain Analysis: Traditional seakeeping studies are performed using one of the three available hydrodynamic theories. Response amplitude operators of the vessel and cargo are produced along with the connector forces. Statistical and time-domain sample results are readily produced by post-processing within the database. Structural stress analysis also can be performed with API and AISC code checks. Graphic post-processing renders the output easy to understand. Examples of marine engineering problems which lend themselves to this solution method include transportation and mooring analyses and structural response for regular or irregular seas.
• Time-Domain Simulation: MOSES integrates the nonlinear equations of motion in the time domain. Depending upon the system being modeled, MOSES either takes the results of a frequency-domain hydrodynamic analysis and converts them into the time domain or uses Morison's relationships in the time domain to calculate the hydrodynamic forces. These are then combined with other acting forces (buoyancy, weight, etc.) as input into the integration. Results are available from post-processing and include such items as trajectories of points, forces on elements, connector forces, etc.; stress analysis of events during the simulation can be performed. Examples of marine engineering problems which lend themselves to this solution method are jacket-launch and mooring analyses and docking simulations.
  

RISCOM - 3D

RISCOM is a time program for full 3D static and dynamic analyses of a wide range of steel risers and offshore loading columns. The analyses, which can be either linear or nonlinear, include modeling features such as articulations, rigid yoke connections, hawsers, and mooring chains. The program can generate regular harmonic waves or irregular sea states and can consider full 3D loading, including directional wave spectra. The top and excitation spectra can include first-order motions, as well as slow-drift displacements. Output includes time traces, spectral quantities, envelopes, and animation or riser response.

FLEXCOM - 3D

FLEXCOM, a time domain program, was developed specifically for 3D static and dynamic analyses of flexible risers. The program incorporates full nonlinearities. A special hybrid finite element formulation (in which the axial force is an independent variable along the element) has been used to overcome the problems of an ill-conditioned system stiffness matrix. Such a matrix results in an unstable solution if ordinary beam-column elements are used. The user can specify nonlinear moment-curvature relationships. This program can also be used to analyze steel catenary pipelines and incorporates all features of the RISCOM program, including pre- and post-processing. Outputs include time traces, spectral statistics, envelopes, and animation of riser response.

MODES

MODES calculates natural frequencies and mode shapes for a wide range of marine risers and offshore loading/mooring columns. It takes the same standard key-word input as the other programs in this suite, has a highly-efficient computation technique, and has an option for modal extraction with respect to nonlinear deformed configurations.

WAMIT

WAMIT is a second-generation radiation diffraction computer program developed at MIT for the analysis of the interaction of surface waves with floating structures. The program can be used to evaluate velocity potentials and desired hydrodynamic parameters in 3 dimensions. Water depth can be varied, and single or multiple interacting bodies can be analyzed. The bodies may be surface-piercing, submerged, mounted on the sea bottom, or located near a vertical wall.

ANSYS

ANSYS is a general-purpose finite element analysis program used for the design and analysis of stiffened plates.

Interfaces between ANSYS, WAMIT, and MOSES have been established to allow transfer of hydrodynamic loads and the mapping of structures, thus facilitating faster analysis cycles.

DMOOR, PMOOR, SPMOOR

In addition to using MOSES for mooring analysis, JRME engineers employ DMOOR (Deterministic Mooring Analysis), PMOOR (Probabilistic Mooring Analysis), and SPMOOR (Single-Point Mooring Analysis) computer program suites. General capabilities of these programs include the following:

• Quasi-static deterministic design
• Low-frequency motion analysis
• Motion trajectory analysis when one line breaks
• Frequency domain line dynamic design
• Time domain line dynamic design
• Mixed time/frequency/static line dynamics design
• Extreme tension probabilistic design
• Probabilistic design
• Probabilistic fatigue analysis
  

FOUNDATION DESIGN

JRME's Structural group designs foundations for typical process equipment (shell and tube heat exchangers, horizontal vessels, storage tanks, reciprocating compressors, etc.), using spreadsheet programs to complete all calculations necessary to determine all required sizes and reinforcements. The variables which define the design boundary conditions are input into a spreadsheet template, and the engineer interactively determines the final design output. These programs are implemented as a Microsoft Excel template.

A spreadsheet template similar to those used for process equipment foundations is used to analyze and design foundations which support steel columns for piperack, miscellaneous pipe supports, and other similar items.

Analysis and design of foundations for vertical vessels is completed using a program written in PASCAL that runs on PCs. The engineer interactively provides input of several physical parameters into the program, reviews results of the input data, and decides on the definitive parameters to be used for the final design.

Piping & Mechanical

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

Caesar II by Coade Engineering Software is an advanced computer program for stress and flexibility analysis of piping systems subject to both static and dynamic loadings. The static analysis generates pipe stresses, displacements, support reactions, piping code compliance reports, and hanger selection reports for any combination of thermal, weight, pressure, and wind loads. The dynamic analysis generates natural frequencies and mode shapes of the piping system through an automatic mass lumping procedure.

VESSEL DESIGN

Advanced Pressure Vessel by Computer Engineering is an advanced vessel design program, which is capable of design and analysis of both horizontal and vertical vessels/towers, including nozzle reinforcement and WRC-107 nozzle calculations. The program provides optimal head and shell thicknesses and base and skirt design for vertical vessels. The program also provides both flange and clamp/hub design, as well as tubesheet mechanical design, for shell and tube heat exchangers.

Process Design

SIMULATION

Process simulation is performed on PCs using HYSIM and HYSYS, developed by Hyprotech, Ltd., and used under nonexclusive licenses. This is an interactive thermodynamic process simulator, primarily used for hydrocarbon systems and associated contaminants. It includes unit operations for all commonly-used applications to provide information for heat and material balances, equipment requirements, fluid flow behavior, phase envelopes, and physical properties. This program also produces preliminary performance data sheets for pumps, compressors, valves, reactors, separators, and fractionators.

MATERIAL BALANCES

The results of the HYSIM and HYSYS simulation programs are routinely electronically transferred to a spreadsheet application written in macro language for Lotus Development 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel spreadsheet programs. Once transferred, it is automatically manipulated to produce a formal material balance. Any combination of flow rates and physical properties from the process simulation may be selected to produce the appropriate material balance format. This is then used to produce a text file that is electronically transferred to the computerized drafting system and incorporated into the process flow and material balance drawings.

HEAT EXCHANGERS

Even though purchased heat exchangers are competitively bid, JRME considers it necessary to offer the capability of providing preliminary designs and of rating existing units in new services. Heat-exchanger design and rating is performed by a suite of PC programs, collectively called HTC, developed by Heat Transfer Consultants, Inc. This includes programs for design and rating of shell and tube exchangers (STX) and air-cooled exchangers (ACX). This suite of programs can be used with the HYSIM process simulator, providing the necessary physical property and heat requirements as inputs to the programs.

PIPE SIZE

Several applications are available on PCs to calculate required line sizes. These include macro-driven Excel spreadsheets, developed in-house, that automatically calculate several lines at once and select the appropriate equations based on flow regime and unknowns. There are also several commercial programs running on the system which allow selection of the most appropriate equations.

PIPELINES

Pipeflo

Pipeline simulation is performed using Pipeflo, developed by Neotech, Ltd., and used under non-exclusive license. This is an interactive pipeline simulator primarily for hydrocarbon systems. It treats single-phase and multi-phase flow in a rigorous manner to develop realistic pipeline flow and pressure profiles for transportation systems. Some features and applications of this program are:

• Has state-of-the-art data entry and option selection
• Handles both compositional and black oil systems
• Offers choice of one-step or step-wise calculation procedure
• Performs pressure-drop calculations with assumed temperature profile
• Performs pressure and temperature profile calculations simultaneously
• Performs calculations from either end of the pipeline
• Accounts for detailed pipeline elevation profiles, including production risers
• Performs calculations for single pipelines, gathering systems, or other pipeline networks
• Performs multiphase flow calculations using choice of numerous correlations for flow pattern, liquid holdup, and pressure drop
• Automatically calculates flow rate
• Provides for numerous in-line facilities
• Provides for pipeline cooldown calculations
• Estimates liquid slug size when pigging
• Provides for foaming oils and oil/water emulsions
• Performs checks for erosion velocity limits and severe slugging conditions
• Allows user to control calculation parameters

PAULA (Pipeline Algorithm Unsteady Liquid Analysis)

• Handles unsteady state conditions for liquid flows and surge analysis
• Can handle multiple batches of different fluids
• Handles both compositional and black oil systems
• Offers choice of one-step or step-wise calculation procedure
• Performs pressure and temperature profile calculations simultaneously
• Accounts for detailed pipeline elevation profiles
• Performs calculations for single pipelines, gathering systems, or other pipeline networks
  

CONTROL VALVES

Important variables for control valves are extracted from the process simulation and used in a spreadsheet program to estimate the requirements for these in-line instruments. This allows investigation of control alternatives before the process design is completed and limits the amount of redesign needed during detailed engineering. This program is implemented as a Excel PC template.

RELIEF VALVES

Results of relief valve calculations are important to the design and operation of the process and its related safety systems. The critical parameters are entered into a spreadsheet template, and the results are examined before the data is transferred to the Instrument Group. This program is implemented as a Excel PC template.

COGENERATION

The GATE/CYCLE program was developed under the sponsorship of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and is supported and marketed by ENTER Software. GATE/CYCLE uses an integrated set of structured menus, tailored component icons and data forms, and full-color graphical flowsheet diagrams to guide the PC user in setting up and investigating gas turbine/cogeneration power plants.

The CYCLE routines allow the user to design and analyze the performance of arbitrary steam bottoming cycles. Models are configured graphically by selecting components from a menu and connecting them using graphical functions. Current component models include gas turbines, superheaters, desuperheaters, evaporators, economizers, deaerators, pumps

Electrical Design

DAPPER

DAPPER (Distribution Analysis for Power Planning, Evaluation, and Reporting) is a suite of computer programs used to design electrical power systems. The programs permit equipment sizing, demand loading analysis, voltage drop and load flow analyses, and balanced and unbalanced fault analyses. DAPPER's main subsystems include the following:

• Load schedule program
• Demand load analysis program
• Feeder and transformer sizing program
• Load flow and voltage drop program
• Balance fault analysis program
• Unbalanced fault analysis program
• Motor starting analysis
  

CAPTOR

CAPTOR (Computer-Aided Plot for Time Over current Reporting) is an analysis program used in the selective coordination of power systems. CAPTOR's capabilities include the following:

• Relay coordination analysis for instantaneous and inverse time delay
• Model analysis and coordination for fuses, transformer damage curves, relays, circuit breakers, motor start curves, and cable damage curves
• Plots of curves, log-log scale
• Analysis of basic one-line models
  

AFAULT

AFAULT, an SKM software package, offers analyses similar to the DAPPER fault subsystems. It is used to select ANSI-standard equipment, calculating fault currents based on the ANSI standards.

CABLE

CABLE calculates pulling tensions and sidewall pressures for cables pulled in conduit. The information is used to determine the maximum number of cable allowed in a conduit for a given length.

AMPCALC

AMPCALC analyzes temperature-rise in underground cable installations. All multiple cable spacings and cable configurations in conduit and direct-buried cable can be analyzed to ensure that cable temperature limits are not exceeded.

Instrument Design

INTOOLS

Intergraph INTools is an integrated instrument database management program used for overall instrumentation and controls engineering design. This desktop computer software provides a complete documentation package for instrumentation during the engineering and design phase of a project and then becomes a maintenance documentation package for customer instrumentation maintenance personnel. The design database developed within INTools will generate the Instrument Index and instrument datasheets, as well as producing loop diagrams and downloading configuration information to the DCS. The majority of configuration information for specific manufacturers' distributed control systems can be downloaded from the database without manually re-entering data. INTools includes sizing for control valves, relief valves, and meter runs.

SIZING PROGRAMS

JRME uses a number of desktop computer calculation programs in addition to and in support of those in INTools. Using information from Process Engineering for various operating conditions, engineers use these programs to obtain optimum sizing for equipment.

• COE Sizing Programs (JRME-Developed)
  • Orifice Sizing - Spink: A Fortran-based program that sizes liquid, gas, and steam flow orifices in accordance with "Principles and Practice of Flow Meter Engineering" by L. K. Spink, ninth edition, published in March, 1977.
  • Orifice Sizing - AGA Report No. 3: A Fortran-based program that sizes natural gas flow orifices in accordance with API 2530 (AGA Report No. 3).
  • Orifice Sizing - Miller: A Fortran-based program that sizes liquid and gas flow orifices in accordance with "Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook" by R. W. Miller, first edition, published in 1983.
  • Restriction Orifice Sizing: A Fortran-based program that sizes liquid, gas, and steam restriction flow orifices in accordance with "Principles and Practice of Flow Meter Engineering" by L. K. Spink, ninth edition, published in March, 1977.
  • Depressuring Orifice Sizing: A Fortran-based program that sizes gas service restriction flow orifices to depressure process equipment in a specified period of time, in accordance with "Principles and Practice of Flow Meter Engineering" by L. K. Spink, ninth edition, published in March, 1977.
  • Control Valve Sizing - Fisher Controls: An Excel spreadsheet program that sizes gas, liquid, and steam service control valves and performs noise generation calculations, based on calculations from Fisher Controls' Catalog 10.
  • Control Valve Sizing - Masoneilan: An Excel spreadsheet program that sizes gas, liquid and steam service control valves and performs noise generation calculations, based on calculations from Masoneilan Control Valve's sizing handbook.
• Supplier Sizing Programs

The following is a listing of supplier-provided programs utilized for specific and/or special sizing applications based on process conditions or equipment application. These desktop-computer-based programs are maintained to the latest version available through constant contact with equipment manufacturers.

• Fisher control valves - Farris relief valves
• Valtek control valves - Willis chokes
• Neles-Jamesbury control valves - Thornhill Craver chokes
• Annubar sizing program - Anderson Greenwood/Crosby
  relief valves
  

Instrument Index

All project instrumentation items must be listed and their status monitored in order to assure that they are specified, purchased, and denoted on installation, location, and loop drawings. The instrument index is the document produced to perform this central-point listing and tracking. The initial listing of project instrumentation is obtained directly from AutoCAD and P&IDs. The instrument index is then prepared on an Excel spreadsheet. As design information becomes available, this index is transferred to the INTools database described above.

FIRE PROTECTION & SAFETY PROGRAMS

Microcomputer program (Excel software) template worksheets are routinely utilized to facilitate the sizing of firewater system headers, loops, and branch lines for deluge and sprinkler systems, hydrants, hoses, and monitor stations.

Detailed hydraulic analyses of water supply and distribution systems for fire protection are performed with the aid of a microcomputer program (FIRENET) developed by the University of Kentucky. The program was principally designed for analyses of steady state pressures and flow in fire protection sprinkler systems and performs 2 separate calculations for each operating scenario. The program provides a comprehensive report detailing both the system's capability to meet minimum performance requirements and its actual expected performance.